{"schemaVersion":1,"generatedAt":"2026-07-20T09:39:07.064Z","asOf":"2026-07-20","license":"Compiled aggregate counts (facts) re-served by SeqDesk under each source's terms; CC-BY for UniProt & AlphaFold. See https://seqdesk.org/data for full source list & licensing. Provided as-is, no warranty.","categories":{"sequence-archives":"Sequence archives","structures-proteins":"Structures & proteins","datasets-dois":"Datasets, DOIs & repositories","omics-specialized":"Omics & specialized archives","standards-vocab":"Standards & vocabularies","fair-literature":"FAIR adoption & literature","earth-environment":"Earth & environment","physics-materials":"Physics, space & materials","chemistry-compounds":"Chemistry & compounds","biodiversity":"Biodiversity & specimens","clinical-biomed":"Clinical & biomedical","open-data":"Open data & repositories","metadata-completeness":"Metadata & completeness","sequencing-technology":"Sequencing technology"},"licensing":{"summary":"Figures here are compiled aggregate counts — single totals updated weekly from public archives and cached by SeqDesk. They are facts, not reproductions of the underlying records. Each carries its source and retrieval date and is provided “as is” with no warranty. SeqDesk is independent and not endorsed by any listed organization.","providers":[{"name":"NCBI / U.S. National Library of Medicine","scope":"SRA, GenBank, RefSeq, ClinVar, dbSNP, Taxonomy, NCBI Datasets, NCBI Virus, GEO","license":"US-gov public domain · no use/distribution restrictions","url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/home/about/policies/"},{"name":"EMBL-EBI","scope":"ENA, BioSamples, BioStudies/ArrayExpress, Europe PMC, MGnify, OLS/ENVO, ENA checklists","license":"EMBL-EBI Terms of Use · CC0-aligned","url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/about/terms-of-use/"},{"name":"UniProt Consortium","scope":"UniProtKB, Swiss-Prot, TrEMBL, InterPro, Pfam","license":"CC BY 4.0 (attribution required)","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},{"name":"RCSB PDB / wwPDB","scope":"released structures","license":"CC0 1.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"name":"AlphaFold DB (Google DeepMind / EMBL-EBI)","scope":"predicted structures","license":"CC BY 4.0 (attribution required)","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},{"name":"OpenAlex (OurResearch)","scope":"works, dataset works, FAIR-paper citations","license":"CC0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"},{"name":"DataCite & Crossref","scope":"dataset DOIs, total DOIs","license":"CC0 (metadata)","url":"https://datacite.org/"},{"name":"Zenodo · OSF · Dryad · re3data","scope":"records, projects, datasets, repositories","license":"open terms · counts are facts","url":"https://zenodo.org/"},{"name":"bioRxiv/medRxiv · OBO Foundry · GSC MIxS","scope":"preprints, ontologies, MIxS terms","license":"open / CC","url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/"},{"name":"GBIF · OBIS · iNaturalist","scope":"biodiversity occurrences, datasets, observations","license":"CC0 / CC BY per record · counts are facts","url":"https://www.gbif.org/terms"},{"name":"NCBI PubChem · ClinicalTrials.gov (NLM)","scope":"compounds, substances, bioassays, registered trials & results","license":"US-gov public domain","url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/home/about/policies/"},{"name":"CDS Strasbourg · ESA Gaia · NASA/IPAC","scope":"SIMBAD, VizieR, Gaia DR3, Exoplanet Archive, EOSDIS CMR","license":"CC BY 4.0 / Gaia licence / US-gov open","url":"https://cds.unistra.fr/"},{"name":"CERN (Open Data · INSPIRE-HEP)","scope":"physics records & open datasets","license":"CC0 / open","url":"https://opendata.cern.ch/"},{"name":"Materials Project · OQMD · NOMAD","scope":"computational materials (OPTIMADE)","license":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://materialsproject.org/about/terms"},{"name":"PANGAEA · ESGF (WCRP CMIP6)","scope":"Earth & climate datasets","license":"CC BY (per dataset)","url":"https://www.pangaea.de/"},{"name":"EMBL-EBI ChEMBL · ChEBI · GWAS Catalog · ENCODE · NeuroMorpho.Org","scope":"chemistry, ontologies, associations, experiments, neuron morphologies","license":"CC BY / open","url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/about/terms-of-use/"},{"name":"Harvard Dataverse · figshare · data.europa.eu · World Bank","scope":"cross-domain datasets & development indicators","license":"open terms · counts are facts","url":"https://dataverse.harvard.edu/"},{"name":"NHGRI (National Human Genome Research Institute)","scope":"DNA sequencing cost data (cost per genome, cost per Mb)","license":"U.S. Government work / public domain (cite NHGRI)","url":"https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/DNA-Sequencing-Costs-Data"}]},"count":1,"metrics":[{"id":"sequencing-platforms-on-market","label":"Sequencing platform companies on the market","category":"sequencing-technology","source":"SeqDesk — compiled from company histories","unit":"companies","tier":"secondary","flagship":false,"cadence":"curated","scale":"linear","fetch":{"url":"","method":"GET","parse":{"type":"manual"},"auto":false,"appendPolicy":"manual"},"release":null,"headline":{"value":"≈7","unit":"active platform makers · 2023"},"forecast":false,"series":[["1981-01-01",1],["1998-01-01",2],["2005-01-01",4],["2007-01-01",5],["2011-01-01",6],["2016-01-01",4],["2023-01-01",7]],"note":"Approximate count of distinct commercial sequencing-platform makers active over time — an illustrative boom-bust-boom arc, not an exact census. The count climbs through the NGS gold rush (Applied Biosystems Sanger era; Illumina/Solexa; 454; PacBio; Complete Genomics), falls as players are acquired or shut (454 → Roche 2007, line phased out by ~2016; Complete Genomics → BGI 2013; Solexa folded into Illumina 2007), then rises again with a second wave (MGI/BGI outside China, plus Element Biosciences, Ultima and Singular Genomics). Corrections applied during research: ABI's first commercial DNA sequencer (Model 370A) was 1987 — its first commercial instrument was the 470A Protein Sequencer (1982); Complete Genomics' commercial launch was 2010 (2009 was proof-of-concept). Counts are illustrative, so the curve is not forecast.","sources":[{"label":"Illumina, Inc. (history)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illumina,_Inc."},{"label":"Complete Genomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_Genomics"},{"label":"Applied Biosystems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_Biosystems"}],"events":[{"date":"1981-01-01","label":"Applied Biosystems","detail":"ABI founded 1981 (Foster City, CA). First commercial instrument: Model 470A Protein Sequencer (1982); first commercial DNA sequencer, the Model 370A, in 1987. Now a Thermo Fisher brand via Life Technologies."},{"date":"1998-04-01","label":"Illumina founded","detail":"Illumina incorporated 1 April 1998 in San Diego; it entered sequencing by acquiring Solexa (completed January 2007), whose sequencing-by-synthesis chemistry became the industry workhorse."},{"date":"2000-01-01","label":"454 founded","detail":"454 Life Sciences founded 2000 by Jonathan Rothberg; its GS20 (2005) was the first commercial next-generation sequencer. Acquired by Roche in 2007 and phased out by ~2016."},{"date":"2004-01-01","label":"PacBio founded","detail":"Pacific Biosciences founded 2004 (originally Nanofluidics); its first single-molecule real-time (SMRT) instrument, the PacBio RS, shipped in 2011."},{"date":"2005-01-01","label":"ONT & Complete Genomics","detail":"Oxford Nanopore (as Oxford Nanolabs) and Complete Genomics were both founded in 2005. Complete Genomics' DNB human-genome service launched commercially in 2010; it was acquired by BGI in 2013, seeding today's MGI."},{"date":"2022-01-01","label":"Second wave","detail":"A new generation of short-read challengers reached the market — Element Biosciences (AVITI), Ultima Genomics, and Singular Genomics — alongside MGI/BGI's global expansion, lifting the count again after the mid-2010s consolidation."}]}]}