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Taxonomic profiling & classification tool trends

Citation adoption for curated taxonomic profiling & classification tools, counted weekly from OpenAlex.

DIAMOND
most-cited · 16K citations
22
tools tracked
1
selected group
20122025
citation years
View
Y axis
01101001.0K20122014201620182020202220242025citing-paper year · annual citations · log y-axisCAMI I (2017): first community benchmark of metagenome assembly, binning and taxonomic profiling.CAMI ICAMI II (2022): second round benchmarking assembly, binning, taxonomic profiling and clinical pathogen detection.CAMI IIDIAMOND · 2.2K citations in 2025 · peak 2.2K/yr in 2025 · 16K lifetimeKraken 2 · 1.6K citations in 2025 · peak 1.6K/yr in 2025 · 7.5K lifetimeGTDB-Tk · 1.0K citations in 2025 · peak 1.0K/yr in 2024 · 5.7K lifetimeKraken · 464 citations in 2025 · peak 601/yr in 2020 · 5.0K lifetimeMetaPhlAn2 · 138 citations in 2025 · peak 369/yr in 2021 · 2.5K lifetimeBracken · 500 citations in 2025 · peak 500/yr in 2025 · 2.4K lifetimeKaiju · 276 citations in 2025 · peak 322/yr in 2024 · 2.3K lifetimeMetaPhlAn · 81 citations in 2025 · peak 218/yr in 2021 · 1.9K lifetimeMEGAN CE · 166 citations in 2025 · peak 251/yr in 2021 · 1.9K lifetimeCentrifuge · 185 citations in 2025 · peak 201/yr in 2024 · 1.6K lifetimeMetaPhlAn 4 · 567 citations in 2025 · peak 567/yr in 2025 · 1.5K lifetimePhyloSift · 21 citations in 2025 · peak 98/yr in 2020 · 720 lifetimeCLARK · 45 citations in 2025 · peak 87/yr in 2019 · 702 lifetimeCAT/BAT · 94 citations in 2025 · peak 107/yr in 2024 · 605 lifetimeKrakenUniq · 90 citations in 2025 · peak 90/yr in 2025 · 537 lifetimemOTUs2 · 43 citations in 2025 · peak 102/yr in 2022 · 500 lifetimesourmash · 58 citations in 2025 · peak 58/yr in 2023 · 380 lifetimeMMseqs2 taxonomy · 76 citations in 2025 · peak 76/yr in 2024 · 328 lifetimesylph · 45 citations in 2025 · peak 46/yr in 2026 · 97 lifetimeganon · 13 citations in 2025 · peak 18/yr in 2022 · 90 lifetimeMetabuli · 22 citations in 2025 · peak 22/yr in 2025 · 37 lifetimeCentrifuger · 17 citations in 2025 · peak 17/yr in 2025 · 36 lifetimeDIAMONDKraken 2GTDB-TkMetaPhlAn 4BrackenKrakenKaijuCentrifugeMEGAN CEMetaPhlAn2CAT/BATKrakenUniqMetaPhlAnMMseqs2 taxonomysourmashCLARKsylphmOTUs2MetabuliPhyloSiftCentrifugerganon
Hover a line, or focus a legend item, to see exact citation values. Click legend items to hide or show tools.
MMseqs2 taxonomy
2.1K
DIAMOND
1.3K
Kraken 2
916
GTDB-Tk
609
sourmash
548
MetaPhlAn2
413
MetaPhlAn
413
MetaPhlAn 4
413
Bracken
354
sylph
312
Kaiju
303
Centrifuge
275
KrakenUniq
252
CAT/BAT
231
Kraken
226
Metabuli
179
mOTUs2
177
ganon
106
Centrifuger
92
PhyloSift
82
MEGAN CE
75
CLARK
2
sourmash
active · this month
DIAMOND
active · this month
Kraken 2
active · this month
CLARK
active · this month
MMseqs2 taxonomy
active · this month
mOTUs2
active · this month
ganon
active · this month
Kaiju
active · this month
MetaPhlAn2
active · this month
MetaPhlAn
active · this month
MetaPhlAn 4
active · this month
Centrifuger
active · this month
GTDB-Tk
active · 1 mo ago
Centrifuge
active · 3 mo ago
Metabuli
active · 3 mo ago
CAT/BAT
active · 3 mo ago
Bracken
active · 4 mo ago
sylph
active · 5 mo ago
MEGAN CE
stale · 2.0 yr ago
KrakenUniq
stale · 2.4 yr ago
Kraken
stale · 4.8 yr ago
PhyloSift
stale · 10 yr ago

Software health, not citations: GitHub/GitLab stars and last-commit date for each tool’s canonical source repo, as a point-in-time snapshot (2026-06-30). Bars in the last-commit chart show how recently each repo was touched — active, stale, archived or gone. Star bars are tinted to match each tool’s citation line above.

Use cumulative view for long-run adoption and annual view for citation momentum; log scale makes smaller tools readable without changing the counts. Counts are annual OpenAlex cited-by tallies and reflect all uses of each paper, not only use inside the selected workflow; broad tools can therefore look larger than workflow-specific methods. The still-filling current year (2026) is omitted from the lines.

10301003001.0K3.0K013612183672120169updated within 18 moKraken · taxprofiling · 464 citations in 2025PhyloSift · taxprofiling · 21 citations in 2025MEGAN CE · taxprofiling · 166 citations in 2025KrakenUniq · taxprofiling · 90 citations in 2025GTDB-Tk · taxprofiling · 1.0K citations in 2025 · actively maintainedKraken 2 · taxprofiling · 1.6K citations in 2025 · actively maintainedBracken · taxprofiling · 500 citations in 2025 · actively maintainedCentrifuge · taxprofiling · 185 citations in 2025 · actively maintainedCentrifuger · taxprofiling · 17 citations in 2025 · actively maintainedKaiju · taxprofiling · 276 citations in 2025 · actively maintainedCLARK · taxprofiling · 45 citations in 2025 · actively maintainedMetaPhlAn · taxprofiling · 81 citations in 2025 · actively maintainedMetaPhlAn2 · taxprofiling · 138 citations in 2025 · actively maintainedMetaPhlAn 4 · taxprofiling · 567 citations in 2025 · actively maintainedmOTUs2 · taxprofiling · 43 citations in 2025 · actively maintainedCAT/BAT · taxprofiling · 94 citations in 2025 · actively maintainedMMseqs2 taxonomy · taxprofiling · 76 citations in 2025 · actively maintainedsourmash · taxprofiling · 58 citations in 2025 · actively maintainedsylph · taxprofiling · 45 citations in 2025 · actively maintainedDIAMOND · taxprofiling · 2.2K citations in 2025 · actively maintainedMetabuli · taxprofiling · 22 citations in 2025 · actively maintainedganon · taxprofiling · 13 citations in 2025 · actively maintainedDIAMONDmonths since last update (√ scale) · 2025 citations (log scale)maintainedother

Each dot is one of 22 curated tools with a datable code repository (0 web-only / SourceForge tools without a public commit date aren't shown). Higher means more cited in 2025, the latest complete year (log scale); further left means more recently updated (square-root scale). Filled dots are actively maintained — a commit within the last 18 months. The upper-left gathers the field's well-kept, widely-used staples: fastp, SAMtools, DADA2, SPAdes, Prokka, DIAMOND and more, updated regularly and cited thousands of times a year. Maintenance and citations are only loosely linked (Spearman ρ ≈ −0.46): a citation counts every paper that mentions a method, so a quieter commit history does not mean a tool is unused or unmaintained — many stable, widely-relied-on tools rarely need new commits, and development sometimes moves to mirrors this snapshot can't see. Source: OpenAlex citation graph + GitHub/GitLab activity, as of 2026-09-07.

MetaPhlAn
’12–’16
Kraken
2017
DIAMOND
’18–’25

The leading taxonomic profiling & classification tool is recomputed for each complete calendar year by cumulative citations — a 3-way hand-off across 14 years.

Cohort22 curated taxonomic profiling & classification tools
MetricCitations to each tool’s canonical method paper, counted by the citing paper’s publication year
MeasurementAnnual cited-by counts from OpenAlex (cites: grouped by year when available; counts_by_year fallback when the grouped endpoint is budget-limited)
Update cadenceWeekly automated re-count · latest snapshot 2026-09-07
Scope caveatCitation totals span every field that cites the paper, not only use inside the selected workflow — read them as overall reach
Recent-year caveatThe current year (2026) is still accruing citations, so it is dropped from the trend lines
Methodscripts/check-tool-trends.mjs
ToolGroupLifetime citationsPeak yearSourceStarsLast commitStatus
DIAMONDTaxonomic profiling & classification15,6272025 (2.2K/yr)GitHub1.3Kthis monthactive
Kraken 2Taxonomic profiling & classification7,5112025 (1.6K/yr)GitHub916this monthactive
GTDB-TkTaxonomic profiling & classification5,6932024 (1.0K/yr)GitHub6091 mo agoactive
KrakenTaxonomic profiling & classification4,9652020 (601/yr)GitHub2264.8 yr agostale
MetaPhlAn2Taxonomic profiling & classification2,4592021 (369/yr)GitHub413this monthactive
BrackenTaxonomic profiling & classification2,4252025 (500/yr)GitHub3544 mo agoactive
KaijuTaxonomic profiling & classification2,3102024 (322/yr)GitHub303this monthactive
MetaPhlAnTaxonomic profiling & classification1,9172021 (218/yr)GitHub413this monthactive
MEGAN CETaxonomic profiling & classification1,8832021 (251/yr)GitHub752.0 yr agostale
CentrifugeTaxonomic profiling & classification1,5642024 (201/yr)GitHub2753 mo agoactive
MetaPhlAn 4Taxonomic profiling & classification1,4722025 (567/yr)GitHub413this monthactive
PhyloSiftTaxonomic profiling & classification7202020 (98/yr)GitHub8210 yr agostale
CLARKTaxonomic profiling & classification7022019 (87/yr)GitHub2this monthactive
CAT/BATTaxonomic profiling & classification6052024 (107/yr)GitHub2313 mo agoactive
KrakenUniqTaxonomic profiling & classification5372025 (90/yr)GitHub2522.4 yr agostale
mOTUs2Taxonomic profiling & classification5002022 (102/yr)GitHub177this monthactive
sourmashTaxonomic profiling & classification3802023 (58/yr)GitHub548this monthactive
MMseqs2 taxonomyTaxonomic profiling & classification3282024 (76/yr)GitHub2.1Kthis monthactive
sylphTaxonomic profiling & classification972026 (46/yr)GitHub3125 mo agoactive
ganonTaxonomic profiling & classification902022 (18/yr)GitHub106this monthactive
MetabuliTaxonomic profiling & classification372025 (22/yr)GitHub1793 mo agoactive
CentrifugerTaxonomic profiling & classification362025 (17/yr)GitHub92this monthactive

A curated cohort of taxonomic profiling & classification tools, each tracked by the full citation history of its method paper — re-counted weekly straight from the OpenAlex citation graph. Only the published method papers and their public citation counts are used. · show all tool groups · back to all research data

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